Representativeness disclaimer

These analyses are based on responses collected from 8051 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and September 10, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 10.38% are Black/African American, 20.08% are LatinX, and 27.26% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Economic Stability

Receiving public benefits

Are you receiving any sort of public or employment benefits? ex. Federal cash assistance programs such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI). OR, Federal-in kind benefit programs such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and Housing.

Options:

  • Yes \((N = 2045)\)
  • No \((N = 4783)\)
  • Didn’t Qualify \((N = 967)\)
  • Intend to apply \((N = 235)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.06 .800
Intend to apply 1.04 .308
No 9.06 .003
Yes 7.59 .006

West

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 1.40 .236
Intend to apply 0.28 .596
No 4.25 .039
Yes 2.70 .101

Northeast

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 1.42 .234
Intend to apply 1.42 .233
No 0.10 .749
Yes 0.63 .429

Midwest

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.01 .941
Intend to apply 0.47 .493
No 0.82 .365
Yes 0.41 .523

Black/African American

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 2.85 .092
Intend to apply 6.79 .009
No 47.50 < .001
Yes 64.29 < .001

LatinX

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.18 .671
Intend to apply 0.20 .656
No 7.86 .005
Yes 6.77 .009

Low income

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 36.63 < .001
Intend to apply 10.72 .001
No 620.81 < .001
Yes 991.95 < .001

Income by Employment

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 47.48 < .001
Intend to apply 14.97 .002
No 717.05 < .001
Yes 1072.31 < .001

Income by Black/African American

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 38.11 < .001
Intend to apply 16.69 .001
No 632.22 < .001
Yes 1004.43 < .001

Income by Latinx

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 40.43 < .001
Intend to apply 12.99 .005
No 631.73 < .001
Yes 1001.73 < .001

Income by South

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 40.43 < .001
Intend to apply 12.99 .005
No 631.73 < .001
Yes 1001.73 < .001

Which public benefits

What types of benefits are you receiving? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Health/Medical \((N = 1123)\)
    • Food \((N = 477)\)
    • Income (not icluding federal stimulus checks) \((N = 272)\)
    • Disability (not military) \((N = 292)\)
    • Military Pension \((N = 6)\)
    • Military Disability \((N = )\)
    • Military Medical Care \((N = 7)\)
    • Military (any benefit, including pension, disability, etc) \((N = 135)\)
    • Housing Subsidy \((N = 64)\)
    • Child Care Subsidy \((N = 48)\)
    • Other \((N = 37)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Health 2.80 .094
Food 2.89 .089
Income 0.11 .745
Disability 0.03 .860
Military pension 4.31 .038
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.54 .461
Military 0.24 .626
Housing 0.07 .787
Childcare 0.00 .964
Other 0.33 .564

West

key statistic p.value
Health 0.12 .726
Food 0.40 .528
Income 0.00 .949
Disability 0.28 .600
Military pension 0.02 .900
Military disability 0.21 .647
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 5.79 .016
Housing 8.90 .003
Childcare 0.04 .845
Other 0.05 .825

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Health 3.93 .047
Food 0.23 .629
Income 2.34 .126
Disability 6.31 .012
Military pension 0.26 .607
Military disability 0.04 .848
Military medical 0.15 .697
Military 4.40 .036
Housing 8.86 .003
Childcare 5.25 .022
Other 0.41 .521

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Health 0.04 .833
Food 0.54 .464
Income 0.58 .446
Disability 6.69 .010
Military pension 0.65 .419
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 0.00 > .999
Housing 0.78 .378
Childcare 2.01 .156
Other 0.02 .885

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Health 7.57 .006
Food 48.63 < .001
Income 69.73 < .001
Disability 1.47 .226
Military pension 1.37 .242
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 4.81 .028
Military 10.84 .001
Housing 13.18 < .001
Childcare 2.75 .097
Other 0.12 .727

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Health 3.13 .077
Food 1.06 .303
Income 1.57 .210
Disability 0.28 .598
Military pension 1.70 .193
Military disability 0.73 .392
Military medical 0.01 .940
Military 0.02 .881
Housing 3.91 .048
Childcare 0.00 > .999
Other 1.36 .244

Low income

key statistic p.value
Health 463.37 < .001
Food 180.59 < .001
Income 106.93 < .001
Disability 75.86 < .001
Military pension 0.00 > .999
Military disability 0.04 .832
Military medical 0.70 .404
Military 75.95 < .001
Housing 13.50 < .001
Childcare 2.04 .153
Other 18.56 < .001

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Health 487.03 < .001
Food 187.03 < .001
Income 112.17 < .001
Disability 160.03 < .001
Military pension 5.46 .141
Military disability 1.42 .702
Military medical 2.83 .418
Military 90.70 < .001
Housing 16.90 .001
Childcare 2.71 .439
Other 22.88 < .001

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Health 464.70 < .001
Food 203.59 < .001
Income 159.46 < .001
Disability 75.92 < .001
Military pension 6.57 .087
Military disability 1.19 .755
Military medical 4.21 .240
Military 89.48 < .001
Housing 21.82 < .001
Childcare 3.75 .289
Other 21.02 < .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Health 483.16 < .001
Food 192.01 < .001
Income 113.64 < .001
Disability 76.12 < .001
Military pension 4.75 .191
Military disability 14.60 .002
Military medical 3.15 .369
Military 83.76 < .001
Housing 28.05 < .001
Childcare 5.84 .120
Other 28.22 < .001

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Health 463.36 < .001
Food 179.45 < .001
Income 110.65 < .001
Disability 80.92 < .001
Military pension 1.92 .590
Military disability 2.37 .499
Military medical 2.05 .563
Military 77.46 < .001
Housing 19.20 < .001
Childcare 2.95 .399
Other 22.89 < .001

Receiving federal stimulus check

Have you received a federal stimulus check this year? (Also known as an economic impact payment) (Note: Weeks 3-8 separate this into two questions, one that asks whether participants have received a check (Yes, No, Unsure, Other) and another that asks if they expect to receive one, only presented if they respond “No” to the prior question. These were combined for the present analyses.)

Options:

  • Yes, I have received a federal stimulus check \((N = 5716)\)
    • No, but I expect to receive a federal stimulus check in the near future \((N = 407)\)
    • No, and I DO NOT expect to receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 626)\)
    • Unsure if I will receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 211)\)
    • Other \((N = 71)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.02 .896
No, not expected 0.03 .865
Other 0.00 > .999
Unsure 0.01 .914
Yes 0.03 .865

West

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 1.51 .218
No, not expected 8.41 .004
Other 0.05 .820
Unsure 7.27 .007
Yes 17.58 < .001

Northeast

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.06 .806
No, not expected 0.02 .881
Other 0.94 .331
Unsure 1.60 .205
Yes 0.66 .417

Midwest

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 3.26 .071
No, not expected 10.01 .002
Other 0.16 .685
Unsure 2.18 .140
Yes 15.71 < .001

Black/African American

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 28.90 < .001
No, not expected 1.24 .265
Other 0.06 .812
Unsure 1.11 .293
Yes 7.60 .006

LatinX

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 2.23 .136
No, not expected 4.08 .043
Other 0.07 .794
Unsure 4.67 .031
Yes 12.23 < .001

Low income

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 3.32 .068
No, not expected 0.24 .625
Other 35.33 < .001
Unsure 4.66 .031
Yes 0.93 .335

Income by Employment

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 6.24 .101
No, not expected 0.77 .857
Other 39.11 < .001
Unsure 10.61 .014
Yes 1.44 .697

Income by Black/African American

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 36.54 < .001
No, not expected 0.63 .890
Other 38.26 < .001
Unsure 7.87 .049
Yes 15.07 .002

Income by Latinx

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 5.62 .132
No, not expected 6.07 .108
Other 41.13 < .001
Unsure 10.09 .018
Yes 13.71 .003

Income by South

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 5.62 .132
No, not expected 6.07 .108
Other 41.13 < .001
Unsure 10.09 .018
Yes 13.71 .003

Family Income

Which of the following best describes what has happened to your family income during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? (Note that in weeks 1-6 and 10-12, there were 5 response options, including decreased very much, decreased somewhat, etc). These were collapsed to allow for assessment across all weeks

Options:

  • Has decreased \((N = 3426)\)
    • Has stayed the same \((N = 3415)\)
    • Has increased \((N = 1162)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 9.35 .002
Increased 7.08 .008
Stayed the same 1.31 .253

West

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 0.35 .556
Increased 0.03 .859
Stayed the same 0.55 .458

Northeast

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 6.16 .013
Increased 0.92 .338
Stayed the same 3.14 .076

Midwest

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 3.80 .051
Increased 3.76 .052
Stayed the same 0.29 .587

Black/African American

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 5.98 .014
Increased 0.04 .848
Stayed the same 5.16 .023

LatinX

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 20.42 < .001
Increased 0.01 .915
Stayed the same 21.37 < .001

Low income

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 102.67 < .001
Increased 2.40 .121
Stayed the same 127.10 < .001

Income by Employment

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 223.12 < .001
Increased 16.23 .001
Stayed the same 187.64 < .001

Income by Black/African American

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 94.37 < .001
Increased 2.64 .451
Stayed the same 110.05 < .001

Income by Latinx

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 103.06 < .001
Increased 2.52 .472
Stayed the same 121.74 < .001

Income by South

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 103.06 < .001
Increased 2.52 .472
Stayed the same 121.74 < .001

Family Financial Status

Which of the following best describes your family financially at this time?

Options:

  • No problems \((N = 2316)\)
    • Minor problems \((N = 4086)\)
    • Major problems \((N = 1263)\)
    • Extreme problems \((N = 375)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

financial_status statistic p.value
None 19.73 < .001
Minor 0.22 .638
Major 10.64 .001
Extreme 7.21 .007

West

financial_status statistic p.value
None 5.60 .018
Minor 0.02 .892
Major 1.17 .280
Extreme 7.67 .006

Northeast

financial_status statistic p.value
None 6.26 .012
Minor 0.94 .332
Major 3.39 .066
Extreme 0.01 .923

Midwest

financial_status statistic p.value
None 0.08 .776
Minor 0.22 .642
Major 0.78 .378
Extreme 0.04 .846

Black/African American

financial_status statistic p.value
None 26.68 < .001
Minor 0.00 .970
Major 12.30 < .001
Extreme 22.74 < .001

LatinX

financial_status statistic p.value
None 43.04 < .001
Minor 2.25 .134
Major 25.66 < .001
Extreme 2.74 .098

Low income

financial_status statistic p.value
None 431.99 < .001
Minor 1.47 .226
Major 267.46 < .001
Extreme 189.18 < .001

Income by Employment

financial_status statistic p.value
None 527.84 < .001
Minor 32.35 < .001
Major 360.57 < .001
Extreme 300.37 < .001

Income by Black/African American

financial_status statistic p.value
None 444.15 < .001
Minor 5.81 .121
Major 274.13 < .001
Extreme 209.56 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.018
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.031
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

financial_status statistic p.value
None 462.90 < .001
Minor 3.90 .272
Major 290.22 < .001
Extreme 193.17 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.018
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.031
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by South

financial_status statistic p.value
None 462.90 < .001
Minor 3.90 .272
Major 290.22 < .001
Extreme 193.17 < .001

Physical Health

Well-baby/Well-child Checkup

Have you missed a well-baby/well-child checkup since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began?

Options:

  • No \((N = 5698)\)
    • Yes \((N = 2334)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 4.96 .026
Yes 4.96 .026

West

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 5.88 .015
Yes 5.88 .015

Northeast

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 2.45 .118
Yes 2.45 .118

Midwest

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 1.79 .181
Yes 1.79 .181

Black/African American

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 1.72 .190
Yes 1.72 .190

LatinX

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 15.42 < .001
Yes 15.42 < .001

Low income

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 35.93 < .001
Yes 35.93 < .001

Income by Employment

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 50.51 < .001
Yes 50.51 < .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 51.94 < .001
Yes 51.94 < .001

Income by Latinx

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 44.12 < .001
Yes 44.12 < .001

Income by South

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 44.12 < .001
Yes 44.12 < .001

Missed vaccine

[If yes missed well-baby] [asked for up to five children] Did they miss a scheduled vaccine at this visit?

Options:

  • No \((N = 5808)\)
    • Yes \((N = 265)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0 .995
Yes 0 .995

West

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0 > .999
Yes 0 > .999

Northeast

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.91 .341
Yes 0.91 .341

Midwest

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.68 .408
Yes 0.68 .408

Black/African American

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0 > .999
Yes 0 > .999

LatinX

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 7.83 .005
Yes 7.83 .005

Low income

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 10.81 .001
Yes 10.81 .001

Income by Employment

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 31.3 < .001
Yes 31.3 < .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 12.16 .007
Yes 12.16 .007

Income by Latinx

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 19.01 < .001
Yes 19.01 < .001

Income by South

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 19.01 < .001
Yes 19.01 < .001

Barriers to well-child

● What prevented you from going to a well-baby checkup? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Cost \((N = 199)\)
    • Unable to get time away from work \((N = 168)\)
    • Inability to find childcare \((N = 272)\)
    • Concern over exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) \((N = 1809)\)
    • Caring for family members \((N = 176)\)
    • Vaccine hesitancy \((N = 148)\)
    • Other, please describe \((N = 384)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Cost 1.34 .248
Time away from work 0.36 .549
Inability find childcare 0.00 > .999
Concern for covid 0.74 .388
Caring for family 0.00 .976
Vaccine hesitancy 0.53 .467
Other 10.71 .001

West

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.00 .977
Time away from work 1.42 .233
Inability find childcare 1.32 .251
Concern for covid 1.21 .271
Caring for family 1.85 .174
Vaccine hesitancy 7.55 .006
Other 0.28 .595

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Cost 1.63 .202
Time away from work 1.55 .214
Inability find childcare 0.44 .507
Concern for covid 1.64 .201
Caring for family 0.68 .411
Vaccine hesitancy 5.08 .024
Other 0.61 .436

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.00 > .999
Time away from work 0.76 .384
Inability find childcare 0.25 .620
Concern for covid 0.88 .347
Caring for family 0.59 .443
Vaccine hesitancy 0.00 > .999
Other 5.62 .018

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Cost 1.84 .175
Time away from work 5.28 .022
Inability find childcare 4.22 .040
Concern for covid 3.92 .048
Caring for family 4.16 .041
Vaccine hesitancy 2.73 .098
Other 8.80 .003

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Cost 17.48 < .001
Time away from work 4.26 .039
Inability find childcare 7.00 .008
Concern for covid 18.04 < .001
Caring for family 7.57 .006
Vaccine hesitancy 0.94 .333
Other 6.52 .011

Low income

key statistic p.value
Cost 3.22 .073
Time away from work 2.47 .116
Inability find childcare 14.40 < .001
Concern for covid 24.76 < .001
Caring for family 17.95 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 6.10 .014
Other 1.65 .198

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Cost 12.40 .006
Time away from work 9.16 .027
Inability find childcare 16.82 .001
Concern for covid 42.40 < .001
Caring for family 25.61 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 19.09 < .001
Other 4.08 .253

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Cost 9.25 .026
Time away from work 5.19 .159
Inability find childcare 18.78 < .001
Concern for covid 38.35 < .001
Caring for family 27.98 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 18.71 < .001
Other 16.44 .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Cost 11.69 .009
Time away from work 4.41 .221
Inability find childcare 22.79 < .001
Concern for covid 38.71 < .001
Caring for family 28.13 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 12.68 .005
Other 6.88 .076

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Cost 5.75 .124
Time away from work 3.63 .305
Inability find childcare 17.62 .001
Concern for covid 27.46 < .001
Caring for family 19.51 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 8.85 .031
Other 10.57 .014

Basic Needs

Free food (currently)

Do you currently have access to free food for your household? Examples of free food include food pantries and programs, SNAP etc.

Options:

  • Yes \((N = 2649)\)
    • No, but I know where/how I can access free food resources \((N = 1348)\)
    • No, I am not eligible for free food resources \((N = 3622)\)
    • Unsure \((N = 408)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.60 .438
No, not eligible 5.86 .015
Unsure 0.16 .690
Yes 8.95 .003

West

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 3.32 .068
No, not eligible 0.24 .626
Unsure 2.28 .131
Yes 0.03 .866

Northeast

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 3.62 .057
No, not eligible 15.04 < .001
Unsure 1.69 .193
Yes 10.26 .001

Midwest

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.38 .536
No, not eligible 0.01 .939
Unsure 0.00 > .999
Yes 0.13 .720

Black/African American

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 2.31 .129
No, not eligible 126.28 < .001
Unsure 0.74 .390
Yes 123.00 < .001

LatinX

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 7.27 .007
No, not eligible 78.53 < .001
Unsure 0.05 .819
Yes 50.01 < .001

Low income

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 7.53 .006
No, not eligible 1072.33 < .001
Unsure 11.96 .001
Yes 1275.06 < .001

Income by Employment

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 20.66 < .001
No, not eligible 1143.75 < .001
Unsure 14.94 .002
Yes 1337.39 < .001

Income by Black/African American

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 20.38 < .001
No, not eligible 1128.94 < .001
Unsure 16.48 .001
Yes 1316.26 < .001

Income by Latinx

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 19.38 < .001
No, not eligible 1124.69 < .001
Unsure 11.71 .008
Yes 1303.59 < .001

Income by South

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 19.38 < .001
No, not eligible 1124.69 < .001
Unsure 11.71 .008
Yes 1303.59 < .001

Free Lunch (during-COVID)

Prior to coronavirus (COVID-19), did you get free or reduced lunches for your child(ren)?

Options:

  • Yes, my child(ren) received free or reduced lunches \((N = 1841)\)
  • No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1567)\)
  • No, my child did not receive free or reduced lunches, but they were available \((N = )\)
  • No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1841)\)
  • No, but I had planned on getting free or reduced lunches for my children soon \((N = 1479)\)
  • No, I didn’t know how to access this resource \((N = 199)\)
  • Not applicable \((N = 595)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.75 .385
No, didn’t know how 3.66 .056
No, not available 19.25 < .001
No, planned 0.48 .488
Yes 12.78 < .001

West

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 3.24 .072
No, didn’t know how 0.68 .409
No, not available 11.96 .001
No, planned 0.78 .377
Yes 2.39 .122

Northeast

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 7.63 .006
No, didn’t know how 1.77 .183
No, not available 0.30 .586
No, planned 1.53 .216
Yes 10.13 .001

Midwest

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 2.20 .138
No, didn’t know how 3.75 .053
No, not available 0.50 .477
No, planned 0.46 .500
Yes 0.16 .688

Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.80 .371
No, didn’t know how 0.00 > .999
No, not available 14.86 < .001
No, planned 34.31 < .001
Yes 78.85 < .001

LatinX

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.00 .974
No, didn’t know how 0.77 .382
No, not available 13.16 < .001
No, planned 49.60 < .001
Yes 100.27 < .001

Low income

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.02 .887
No, didn’t know how 11.93 .001
No, not available 77.07 < .001
No, planned 194.69 < .001
Yes 439.06 < .001
free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.02 .887
No, didn’t know how 11.93 .001
No, not available 77.07 < .001
No, planned 194.69 < .001
Yes 439.06 < .001

Income by Employment

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 2.91 .406
No, didn’t know how 12.51 .006
No, not available 81.54 < .001
No, planned 213.64 < .001
Yes 466.30 < .001

Income by Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 4.03 .258
No, didn’t know how 16.08 .001
No, not available 87.53 < .001
No, planned 211.24 < .001
Yes 472.23 < .001

Income by Latinx

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.24 .971
No, didn’t know how 18.52 < .001
No, not available 86.86 < .001
No, planned 226.47 < .001
Yes 493.57 < .001

Income by South

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.24 .971
No, didn’t know how 18.52 < .001
No, not available 86.86 < .001
No, planned 226.47 < .001
Yes 493.57 < .001

Paying for basics

In the past month, how hard has it been for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

Options:

  • Very hard \((N = 589)\)
  • Hard \((N = 987)\)
  • Somewhat hard \((N = )\)
  • Not very hard \((N = 4366)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 27.95 < .001
Somewhat hard 9.87 .002
Hard 2.59 .107
Very hard 7.33 .007

West

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 2.51 .113
Somewhat hard 1.11 .292
Hard 0.29 .588
Very hard 3.70 .054

Northeast

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 11.78 .001
Somewhat hard 1.95 .163
Hard 3.25 .071
Very hard 3.39 .066

Midwest

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 1.63 .201
Somewhat hard 1.39 .238
Hard 0.70 .404
Very hard 0.34 .558

Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 72.71 < .001
Somewhat hard 27.72 < .001
Hard 8.86 .003
Very hard 12.51 < .001

LatinX

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 87.97 < .001
Somewhat hard 32.27 < .001
Hard 15.69 < .001
Very hard 10.66 .001

Low income

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 809.55 < .001
Somewhat hard 170.90 < .001
Hard 199.19 < .001
Very hard 233.15 < .001

Income by Employment

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 915.08 < .001
Somewhat hard 203.08 < .001
Hard 215.84 < .001
Very hard 310.92 < .001

Income by Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 851.03 < .001
Somewhat hard 197.29 < .001
Hard 209.14 < .001
Very hard 236.71 < .001

Income by Latinx

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 873.13 < .001
Somewhat hard 196.33 < .001
Hard 221.19 < .001
Very hard 236.25 < .001

Income by South

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 873.13 < .001
Somewhat hard 196.33 < .001
Hard 221.19 < .001
Very hard 236.25 < .001

Which needs

Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Food \((N = 1796)\)
    • Housing \((N = 1901)\)
    • Utilities (electric, water, trash) \((N = )\)
    • Healthcare \((N = 928)\)
    • Social \((N = 854)\)
    • Emotional \((N = 888)\)
    • Childcare \((N = 786)\)
    • Other \((N = 212)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Food 6.78 .009
House 8.88 .003
Utilities 32.18 < .001
Healthcare 14.02 < .001
Social 0.09 .768
Emotional 5.57 .018
Childcare 6.48 .011
Other 2.51 .113

West

key statistic p.value
Food 0.57 .449
House 0.07 .790
Utilities 11.99 .001
Healthcare 0.43 .510
Social 0.98 .323
Emotional 1.88 .170
Childcare 0.28 .596
Other 0.10 .752

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Food 10.25 .001
House 6.89 .009
Utilities 8.39 .004
Healthcare 14.07 < .001
Social 1.34 .247
Emotional 2.03 .155
Childcare 9.28 .002
Other 2.17 .141

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Food 0.43 .511
House 1.92 .166
Utilities 0.03 .865
Healthcare 0.04 .851
Social 0.09 .763
Emotional 0.00 .981
Childcare 0.64 .425
Other 0.00 .996

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Food 28.31 < .001
House 20.21 < .001
Utilities 49.86 < .001
Healthcare 0.05 .823
Social 0.00 > .999
Emotional 0.00 .989
Childcare 22.72 < .001
Other 2.86 .091

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Food 38.85 < .001
House 51.26 < .001
Utilities 43.69 < .001
Healthcare 13.57 < .001
Social 0.32 .574
Emotional 0.01 .911
Childcare 3.27 .070
Other 0.00 > .999

Low income

key statistic p.value
Food 290.11 < .001
House 361.50 < .001
Utilities 716.37 < .001
Healthcare 1.36 .244
Social 149.17 < .001
Emotional 184.59 < .001
Childcare 31.49 < .001
Other 82.45 < .001

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Food 335.37 < .001
House 461.47 < .001
Utilities 838.51 < .001
Healthcare 28.69 < .001
Social 166.55 < .001
Emotional 204.74 < .001
Childcare 32.11 < .001
Other 95.50 < .001

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Food 310.73 < .001
House 375.83 < .001
Utilities 748.53 < .001
Healthcare 2.77 .428
Social 158.75 < .001
Emotional 191.87 < .001
Childcare 54.45 < .001
Other 84.12 < .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Food 321.06 < .001
House 390.76 < .001
Utilities 739.00 < .001
Healthcare 21.59 < .001
Social 168.59 < .001
Emotional 213.19 < .001
Childcare 41.69 < .001
Other 87.59 < .001

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Food 301.05 < .001
House 377.81 < .001
Utilities 730.59 < .001
Healthcare 13.81 .003
Social 158.22 < .001
Emotional 184.76 < .001
Childcare 36.79 < .001
Other 86.73 < .001

Material hardship

This variables was calculated by adding up the number of needs selected for the following question: Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

  • 0 \((N = 4481)\)
    • 1 \((N = 803)\)
    • 2 \((N = 1035)\)
    • 3 \((N = 854)\)
    • 4 \((N = 463)\)
    • 5 \((N = 243)\)
    • 6 \((N = 103)\)
    • 7 \((N = 64)\)
    • 8 \((N = 5)\)

Material hardship censored at 6, given small sample sizes.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 27.97 < .001
1 1.99 .159
2 4.62 .032
3 7.03 .008
4 1.58 .209
5 0.02 .880
6 6.58 .010

West

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 2.60 .107
1 0.75 .385
2 1.20 .273
3 0.09 .763
4 0.02 .902
5 1.29 .257
6 2.14 .144

Northeast

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 13.08 < .001
1 0.08 .774
2 0.56 .455
3 6.45 .011
4 3.96 .046
5 0.14 .705
6 3.63 .057

Midwest

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1.18 .278
1 0.89 .347
2 0.30 .585
3 0.15 .700
4 0.20 .651
5 0.31 .580
6 0.10 .756

Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 73.58 < .001
1 27.42 < .001
2 17.44 < .001
3 7.95 .005
4 0.71 .398
5 0.36 .549
6 3.66 .056

LatinX

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 86.01 < .001
1 23.05 < .001
2 23.89 < .001
3 13.34 < .001
4 0.00 > .999
5 0.77 .381
6 1.94 .163

Low income

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 783.25 < .001
1 72.71 < .001
2 186.16 < .001
3 116.31 < .001
4 63.49 < .001
5 30.56 < .001
6 26.41 < .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 894.54 < .001
1 96.09 < .001
2 218.44 < .001
3 132.46 < .001
4 73.74 < .001
5 41.14 < .001
6 40.33 < .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 826.67 < .001
1 90.30 < .001
2 192.59 < .001
3 130.39 < .001
4 68.61 < .001
5 33.06 < .001
6 30.72 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.438
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 847.21 < .001
1 88.57 < .001
2 202.33 < .001
3 127.67 < .001
4 68.77 < .001
5 33.47 < .001
6 35.38 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.00
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, High Income 0.00
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.00
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, Low Income 0.00
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, Low Income 0.39
Non-Latinx, Low Income Non-Latinx, High Income 0.00

Income by South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 847.21 < .001
1 88.57 < .001
2 202.33 < .001
3 127.67 < .001
4 68.77 < .001
5 33.47 < .001
6 35.38 < .001

Material hardship dichotomized

For these analyses, we censor responses at 1 (creating a 1+ category).

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 27.97 < .001
1+ 27.97 < .001

West

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 2.6 .107
1+ 2.6 .107

Northeast

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 13.08 < .001
1+ 13.08 < .001

Midwest

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1.18 .278
1+ 1.18 .278

Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 73.58 < .001
1+ 73.58 < .001

LatinX

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 86.01 < .001
1+ 86.01 < .001

Low income

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 783.25 < .001
1+ 783.25 < .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 894.54 < .001
1+ 894.54 < .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 826.67 < .001
1+ 826.67 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.651
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 847.21 < .001
1+ 847.21 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, Low Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, Low Income 0.334
Non-Latinx, Low Income Non-Latinx, High Income 0.000

Income by South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 847.21 < .001
1+ 847.21 < .001