Policy-relevant questions

Representativeness disclaimer

These analyses are based on responses collected from 8051 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and September 10, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 10.38% are Black/African American, 20.08% are LatinX, and 27.26% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Economic Stability

Receiving public benefits

Are you receiving any sort of public or employment benefits? ex. Federal cash assistance programs such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI). OR, Federal-in kind benefit programs such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and Housing.

Options:

• Yes \((N = 2045)\)
• No \((N = 4783)\)
• Didn’t Qualify \((N = 967)\)
• Intend to apply \((N = 235)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.06	.800
Intend to apply	1.04	.308
No	9.06	.003
Yes	7.59	.006

West

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	1.40	.236
Intend to apply	0.28	.596
No	4.25	.039
Yes	2.70	.101

Northeast

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	1.42	.234
Intend to apply	1.42	.233
No	0.10	.749
Yes	0.63	.429

Midwest

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.01	.941
Intend to apply	0.47	.493
No	0.82	.365
Yes	0.41	.523

Black/African American

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	2.85	.092
Intend to apply	6.79	.009
No	47.50	< .001
Yes	64.29	< .001

LatinX

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.18	.671
Intend to apply	0.20	.656
No	7.86	.005
Yes	6.77	.009

Low income

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	36.63	< .001
Intend to apply	10.72	.001
No	620.81	< .001
Yes	991.95	< .001

Income by Employment

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	47.48	< .001
Intend to apply	14.97	.002
No	717.05	< .001
Yes	1072.31	< .001

Income by Black/African American

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	38.11	< .001
Intend to apply	16.69	.001
No	632.22	< .001
Yes	1004.43	< .001

Income by Latinx

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	40.43	< .001
Intend to apply	12.99	.005
No	631.73	< .001
Yes	1001.73	< .001

Income by South

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	40.43	< .001
Intend to apply	12.99	.005
No	631.73	< .001
Yes	1001.73	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Didn’t Qualify - Intend to apply	-2.24	-5.79	1.30	.600
Didn’t Qualify - No	4.96	3.24	6.68	< .001
Didn’t Qualify - Yes	-2.96	-4.86	-1.06	.012
Intend to apply - No	7.21	3.95	10.46	< .001
Intend to apply - Yes	-0.72	-4.07	2.64	.975
No - Yes	-7.92	-9.21	-6.64	< .001

Which public benefits

What types of benefits are you receiving? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Health/Medical \((N = 1123)\)
  • Food \((N = 477)\)
  • Income (not icluding federal stimulus checks) \((N = 272)\)
  • Disability (not military) \((N = 292)\)
  • Military Pension \((N = 6)\)
  • Military Disability \((N = )\)
  • Military Medical Care \((N = 7)\)
  • Military (any benefit, including pension, disability, etc) \((N = 135)\)
  • Housing Subsidy \((N = 64)\)
  • Child Care Subsidy \((N = 48)\)
  • Other \((N = 37)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Health	2.80	.094
Food	2.89	.089
Income	0.11	.745
Disability	0.03	.860
Military pension	4.31	.038
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.54	.461
Military	0.24	.626
Housing	0.07	.787
Childcare	0.00	.964
Other	0.33	.564

West

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.12	.726
Food	0.40	.528
Income	0.00	.949
Disability	0.28	.600
Military pension	0.02	.900
Military disability	0.21	.647
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	5.79	.016
Housing	8.90	.003
Childcare	0.04	.845
Other	0.05	.825

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Health	3.93	.047
Food	0.23	.629
Income	2.34	.126
Disability	6.31	.012
Military pension	0.26	.607
Military disability	0.04	.848
Military medical	0.15	.697
Military	4.40	.036
Housing	8.86	.003
Childcare	5.25	.022
Other	0.41	.521

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.04	.833
Food	0.54	.464
Income	0.58	.446
Disability	6.69	.010
Military pension	0.65	.419
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	0.00	> .999
Housing	0.78	.378
Childcare	2.01	.156
Other	0.02	.885

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Health	7.57	.006
Food	48.63	< .001
Income	69.73	< .001
Disability	1.47	.226
Military pension	1.37	.242
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	4.81	.028
Military	10.84	.001
Housing	13.18	< .001
Childcare	2.75	.097
Other	0.12	.727

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Health	3.13	.077
Food	1.06	.303
Income	1.57	.210
Disability	0.28	.598
Military pension	1.70	.193
Military disability	0.73	.392
Military medical	0.01	.940
Military	0.02	.881
Housing	3.91	.048
Childcare	0.00	> .999
Other	1.36	.244

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Health	463.37	< .001
Food	180.59	< .001
Income	106.93	< .001
Disability	75.86	< .001
Military pension	0.00	> .999
Military disability	0.04	.832
Military medical	0.70	.404
Military	75.95	< .001
Housing	13.50	< .001
Childcare	2.04	.153
Other	18.56	< .001

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Health	487.03	< .001
Food	187.03	< .001
Income	112.17	< .001
Disability	160.03	< .001
Military pension	5.46	.141
Military disability	1.42	.702
Military medical	2.83	.418
Military	90.70	< .001
Housing	16.90	.001
Childcare	2.71	.439
Other	22.88	< .001

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Health	464.70	< .001
Food	203.59	< .001
Income	159.46	< .001
Disability	75.92	< .001
Military pension	6.57	.087
Military disability	1.19	.755
Military medical	4.21	.240
Military	89.48	< .001
Housing	21.82	< .001
Childcare	3.75	.289
Other	21.02	< .001

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Health	483.16	< .001
Food	192.01	< .001
Income	113.64	< .001
Disability	76.12	< .001
Military pension	4.75	.191
Military disability	14.60	.002
Military medical	3.15	.369
Military	83.76	< .001
Housing	28.05	< .001
Childcare	5.84	.120
Other	28.22	< .001

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Health	463.36	< .001
Food	179.45	< .001
Income	110.65	< .001
Disability	80.92	< .001
Military pension	1.92	.590
Military disability	2.37	.499
Military medical	2.05	.563
Military	77.46	< .001
Housing	19.20	< .001
Childcare	2.95	.399
Other	22.89	< .001

Related to well-being

Receiving federal stimulus check

Have you received a federal stimulus check this year? (Also known as an economic impact payment) (Note: Weeks 3-8 separate this into two questions, one that asks whether participants have received a check (Yes, No, Unsure, Other) and another that asks if they expect to receive one, only presented if they respond “No” to the prior question. These were combined for the present analyses.)

Options:

• Yes, I have received a federal stimulus check \((N = 5716)\)
  • No, but I expect to receive a federal stimulus check in the near future \((N = 407)\)
  • No, and I DO NOT expect to receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 626)\)
  • Unsure if I will receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 211)\)
  • Other \((N = 71)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.02	.896
No, not expected	0.03	.865
Other	0.00	> .999
Unsure	0.01	.914
Yes	0.03	.865

West

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	1.51	.218
No, not expected	8.41	.004
Other	0.05	.820
Unsure	7.27	.007
Yes	17.58	< .001

Northeast

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.06	.806
No, not expected	0.02	.881
Other	0.94	.331
Unsure	1.60	.205
Yes	0.66	.417

Midwest

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	3.26	.071
No, not expected	10.01	.002
Other	0.16	.685
Unsure	2.18	.140
Yes	15.71	< .001

Black/African American

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	28.90	< .001
No, not expected	1.24	.265
Other	0.06	.812
Unsure	1.11	.293
Yes	7.60	.006

LatinX

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	2.23	.136
No, not expected	4.08	.043
Other	0.07	.794
Unsure	4.67	.031
Yes	12.23	< .001

Low income

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	3.32	.068
No, not expected	0.24	.625
Other	35.33	< .001
Unsure	4.66	.031
Yes	0.93	.335

Income by Employment

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	6.24	.101
No, not expected	0.77	.857
Other	39.11	< .001
Unsure	10.61	.014
Yes	1.44	.697

Income by Black/African American

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	36.54	< .001
No, not expected	0.63	.890
Other	38.26	< .001
Unsure	7.87	.049
Yes	15.07	.002

Income by Latinx

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	5.62	.132
No, not expected	6.07	.108
Other	41.13	< .001
Unsure	10.09	.018
Yes	13.71	.003

Income by South

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	5.62	.132
No, not expected	6.07	.108
Other	41.13	< .001
Unsure	10.09	.018
Yes	13.71	.003

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No, expected - No, not expected	-0.63	-3.74	2.48	.995
No, expected - Other	-2.33	-8.62	3.95	.950
No, expected - Unsure	-0.49	-4.63	3.66	.999
No, expected - Yes	-0.62	-3.12	1.89	.989
No, not expected - Other	-1.70	-7.82	4.42	.983
No, not expected - Unsure	0.14	-3.75	4.03	> .999
No, not expected - Yes	0.01	-2.04	2.07	> .999
Other - Unsure	1.85	-4.86	8.55	.983
Other - Yes	1.71	-4.12	7.55	.979
Unsure - Yes	-0.13	-3.56	3.29	> .999

Family Income

Which of the following best describes what has happened to your family income during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? (Note that in weeks 1-6 and 10-12, there were 5 response options, including decreased very much, decreased somewhat, etc). These were collapsed to allow for assessment across all weeks

Options:

• Has decreased \((N = 3426)\)
  • Has stayed the same \((N = 3415)\)
  • Has increased \((N = 1162)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	9.35	.002
Increased	7.08	.008
Stayed the same	1.31	.253

West

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	0.35	.556
Increased	0.03	.859
Stayed the same	0.55	.458

Northeast

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	6.16	.013
Increased	0.92	.338
Stayed the same	3.14	.076

Midwest

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	3.80	.051
Increased	3.76	.052
Stayed the same	0.29	.587

Black/African American

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	5.98	.014
Increased	0.04	.848
Stayed the same	5.16	.023

LatinX

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	20.42	< .001
Increased	0.01	.915
Stayed the same	21.37	< .001

Low income

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	102.67	< .001
Increased	2.40	.121
Stayed the same	127.10	< .001

Income by Employment

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	223.12	< .001
Increased	16.23	.001
Stayed the same	187.64	< .001

Income by Black/African American

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	94.37	< .001
Increased	2.64	.451
Stayed the same	110.05	< .001

Income by Latinx

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	103.06	< .001
Increased	2.52	.472
Stayed the same	121.74	< .001

Income by South

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	103.06	< .001
Increased	2.52	.472
Stayed the same	121.74	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	5.78	4.13	7.42	< .001
Decreased - Stayed the same	8.59	7.42	9.76	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	2.82	1.17	4.46	.002

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-4.44	-7.23	-1.65	.004
Increased	-1.63	-6.31	3.04	.494
Decreased	-4.83	-7.48	-2.17	.001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	0.89	-1.25	3.04	.827
Increased	-0.33	-3.86	3.20	.856
Decreased	-2.88	-4.90	-0.85	.016

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	3.70	1.65	5.74	< .001
Increased	7.94	4.71	11.18	< .001
Decreased	5.59	3.74	7.43	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	16.39	13.04	19.74	< .001
Increased	19.89	15.97	23.80	< .001
Decreased	7.77	4.38	11.16	< .001

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	0.28	-1.68	2.23	.959
Decreased - Stayed the same	5.70	4.31	7.09	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	5.42	3.47	7.37	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-5.48	-8.76	-2.20	.003
Increased	6.06	0.46	11.66	.034
Decreased	-5.26	-8.40	-2.13	.003

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	2.54	0.01	5.06	.146
Increased	1.85	-2.39	6.09	.786
Decreased	-0.41	-2.81	1.99	.786

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	4.48	2.09	6.88	< .001
Increased	9.00	5.07	12.93	< .001
Decreased	3.23	1.03	5.42	.004

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	20.46	16.52	24.40	< .001
Increased	25.37	20.67	30.06	< .001
Decreased	12.81	8.81	16.80	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	3.00	1.47	4.54	< .001
Decreased - Stayed the same	7.16	6.07	8.25	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	4.16	2.62	5.69	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-5.00	-7.58	-2.41	< .001
Increased	2.19	-2.25	6.62	.335
Decreased	-5.07	-7.53	-2.61	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	1.73	-0.26	3.73	.266
Increased	0.86	-2.48	4.21	.613
Decreased	-1.61	-3.49	0.27	.266

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	4.04	2.16	5.93	< .001
Increased	8.43	5.36	11.50	< .001
Decreased	4.40	2.69	6.11	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	18.44	15.34	21.53	< .001
Increased	22.62	18.97	26.27	< .001
Decreased	10.27	7.14	13.40	< .001

Family Financial Status

Which of the following best describes your family financially at this time?

Options:

• No problems \((N = 2316)\)
  • Minor problems \((N = 4086)\)
  • Major problems \((N = 1263)\)
  • Extreme problems \((N = 375)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	19.73	< .001
Minor	0.22	.638
Major	10.64	.001
Extreme	7.21	.007

West

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	5.60	.018
Minor	0.02	.892
Major	1.17	.280
Extreme	7.67	.006

Northeast

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	6.26	.012
Minor	0.94	.332
Major	3.39	.066
Extreme	0.01	.923

Midwest

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	0.08	.776
Minor	0.22	.642
Major	0.78	.378
Extreme	0.04	.846

Black/African American

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	26.68	< .001
Minor	0.00	.970
Major	12.30	< .001
Extreme	22.74	< .001

LatinX

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	43.04	< .001
Minor	2.25	.134
Major	25.66	< .001
Extreme	2.74	.098

Low income

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	431.99	< .001
Minor	1.47	.226
Major	267.46	< .001
Extreme	189.18	< .001

Income by Employment

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	527.84	< .001
Minor	32.35	< .001
Major	360.57	< .001
Extreme	300.37	< .001

Income by Black/African American

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	444.15	< .001
Minor	5.81	.121
Major	274.13	< .001
Extreme	209.56	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.018
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.031
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	462.90	< .001
Minor	3.90	.272
Major	290.22	< .001
Extreme	193.17	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.018
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.031
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by South

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	462.90	< .001
Minor	3.90	.272
Major	290.22	< .001
Extreme	193.17	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-9.93	-11.13	-8.73	< .001
None - Major	-21.93	-23.55	-20.32	< .001
None - Extreme	-32.32	-34.89	-29.75	< .001
Minor - Major	-12.00	-13.49	-10.52	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-22.39	-24.88	-19.89	< .001
Major - Extreme	-10.38	-13.10	-7.67	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-3.76	-7.29	-0.23	.037
Minor	-7.12	-9.48	-4.75	< .001
Major	-4.90	-8.69	-1.11	.034
Extreme	-8.88	-15.82	-1.94	.034

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-0.47	-3.06	2.13	> .999
Minor	-2.27	-4.06	-0.48	.052
Major	-3.72	-6.67	-0.76	.052
Extreme	-1.76	-8.07	4.55	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-1.13	-4.03	1.78	> .999
Minor	0.51	-1.17	2.18	> .999
Major	1.26	-1.53	4.04	> .999
Extreme	-3.30	-9.49	2.89	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	18.20	13.44	22.96	< .001
Minor	10.93	8.20	13.66	< .001
Major	4.86	0.89	8.82	.033
Extreme	6.42	-1.21	14.05	.100

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-8.25	-9.71	-6.78	< .001
None - Major	-17.58	-19.55	-15.61	< .001
None - Extreme	-21.71	-24.84	-18.57	< .001
Minor - Major	-9.33	-11.14	-7.52	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-13.46	-16.50	-10.42	< .001
Major - Extreme	-4.13	-7.44	-0.82	.069

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-3.53	-7.69	0.63	.290
Minor	-6.53	-9.39	-3.66	< .001
Major	-4.14	-9.10	0.82	.290
Extreme	-3.51	-12.13	5.11	.425

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	2.34	-0.72	5.39	.537
Minor	-0.19	-2.36	1.98	> .999
Major	-0.94	-4.82	2.94	> .999
Extreme	0.15	-7.67	7.97	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	4.84	1.40	8.28	.023
Minor	-0.96	-2.98	1.06	.604
Major	2.75	-0.88	6.38	.413
Extreme	-4.09	-11.83	3.66	.604

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	19.74	14.12	25.36	< .001
Minor	16.28	12.98	19.57	< .001
Major	13.75	8.59	18.92	< .001
Extreme	20.06	10.86	29.27	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-9.12	-10.24	-7.99	< .001
None - Major	-19.77	-21.29	-18.26	< .001
None - Extreme	-27.04	-29.45	-24.63	< .001
Minor - Major	-10.65	-12.05	-9.26	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-17.92	-20.25	-15.58	< .001
Major - Extreme	-7.27	-9.81	-4.72	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-3.71	-6.98	-0.44	.052
Minor	-6.84	-9.05	-4.63	< .001
Major	-4.51	-8.17	-0.85	.047
Extreme	-6.20	-12.68	0.28	.062

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	0.96	-1.44	3.36	.868
Minor	-1.18	-2.86	0.49	.500
Major	-2.32	-5.18	0.53	.445
Extreme	-0.79	-6.66	5.08	.868

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	1.81	-0.88	4.50	.574
Minor	-0.27	-1.83	1.28	.732
Major	1.99	-0.67	4.65	.574
Extreme	-3.68	-9.42	2.05	.574

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	18.99	14.60	23.39	< .001
Minor	13.63	11.09	16.16	< .001
Major	9.26	5.45	13.07	< .001
Extreme	13.23	6.22	20.24	< .001

Physical Health

Well-baby/Well-child Checkup

Have you missed a well-baby/well-child checkup since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began?

Options:

• No \((N = 5698)\)
  • Yes \((N = 2334)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	4.96	.026
Yes	4.96	.026

West

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	5.88	.015
Yes	5.88	.015

Northeast

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	2.45	.118
Yes	2.45	.118

Midwest

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	1.79	.181
Yes	1.79	.181

Black/African American

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	1.72	.190
Yes	1.72	.190

LatinX

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	15.42	< .001
Yes	15.42	< .001

Low income

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	35.93	< .001
Yes	35.93	< .001

Income by Employment

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	50.51	< .001
Yes	50.51	< .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	51.94	< .001
Yes	51.94	< .001

Income by Latinx

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	44.12	< .001
Yes	44.12	< .001

Income by South

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	44.12	< .001
Yes	44.12	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No - Yes	-8.36	-9.56	-7.17	< .001

Missed vaccine

[If yes missed well-baby] [asked for up to five children] Did they miss a scheduled vaccine at this visit?

Options:

• No \((N = 5808)\)
  • Yes \((N = 265)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0	.995
Yes	0	.995

West

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0	> .999
Yes	0	> .999

Northeast

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.91	.341
Yes	0.91	.341

Midwest

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.68	.408
Yes	0.68	.408

Black/African American

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0	> .999
Yes	0	> .999

LatinX

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	7.83	.005
Yes	7.83	.005

Low income

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	10.81	.001
Yes	10.81	.001

Income by Employment

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	31.3	< .001
Yes	31.3	< .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	12.16	.007
Yes	12.16	.007

Income by Latinx

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	19.01	< .001
Yes	19.01	< .001

Income by South

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	19.01	< .001
Yes	19.01	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No - Yes	-11.75	-14.8	-8.7	< .001

Barriers to well-child

● What prevented you from going to a well-baby checkup? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Cost \((N = 199)\)
  • Unable to get time away from work \((N = 168)\)
  • Inability to find childcare \((N = 272)\)
  • Concern over exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) \((N = 1809)\)
  • Caring for family members \((N = 176)\)
  • Vaccine hesitancy \((N = 148)\)
  • Other, please describe \((N = 384)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	1.34	.248
Time away from work	0.36	.549
Inability find childcare	0.00	> .999
Concern for covid	0.74	.388
Caring for family	0.00	.976
Vaccine hesitancy	0.53	.467
Other	10.71	.001

West

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.00	.977
Time away from work	1.42	.233
Inability find childcare	1.32	.251
Concern for covid	1.21	.271
Caring for family	1.85	.174
Vaccine hesitancy	7.55	.006
Other	0.28	.595

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	1.63	.202
Time away from work	1.55	.214
Inability find childcare	0.44	.507
Concern for covid	1.64	.201
Caring for family	0.68	.411
Vaccine hesitancy	5.08	.024
Other	0.61	.436

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.00	> .999
Time away from work	0.76	.384
Inability find childcare	0.25	.620
Concern for covid	0.88	.347
Caring for family	0.59	.443
Vaccine hesitancy	0.00	> .999
Other	5.62	.018

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	1.84	.175
Time away from work	5.28	.022
Inability find childcare	4.22	.040
Concern for covid	3.92	.048
Caring for family	4.16	.041
Vaccine hesitancy	2.73	.098
Other	8.80	.003

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	17.48	< .001
Time away from work	4.26	.039
Inability find childcare	7.00	.008
Concern for covid	18.04	< .001
Caring for family	7.57	.006
Vaccine hesitancy	0.94	.333
Other	6.52	.011

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	3.22	.073
Time away from work	2.47	.116
Inability find childcare	14.40	< .001
Concern for covid	24.76	< .001
Caring for family	17.95	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	6.10	.014
Other	1.65	.198

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	12.40	.006
Time away from work	9.16	.027
Inability find childcare	16.82	.001
Concern for covid	42.40	< .001
Caring for family	25.61	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	19.09	< .001
Other	4.08	.253

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	9.25	.026
Time away from work	5.19	.159
Inability find childcare	18.78	< .001
Concern for covid	38.35	< .001
Caring for family	27.98	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	18.71	< .001
Other	16.44	.001

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	11.69	.009
Time away from work	4.41	.221
Inability find childcare	22.79	< .001
Concern for covid	38.71	< .001
Caring for family	28.13	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	12.68	.005
Other	6.88	.076

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	5.75	.124
Time away from work	3.63	.305
Inability find childcare	17.62	.001
Concern for covid	27.46	< .001
Caring for family	19.51	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	8.85	.031
Other	10.57	.014

Related to well-being

Basic Needs

Free food (currently)

Do you currently have access to free food for your household? Examples of free food include food pantries and programs, SNAP etc.

Options:

• Yes \((N = 2649)\)
  • No, but I know where/how I can access free food resources \((N = 1348)\)
  • No, I am not eligible for free food resources \((N = 3622)\)
  • Unsure \((N = 408)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.60	.438
No, not eligible	5.86	.015
Unsure	0.16	.690
Yes	8.95	.003

West

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	3.32	.068
No, not eligible	0.24	.626
Unsure	2.28	.131
Yes	0.03	.866

Northeast

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	3.62	.057
No, not eligible	15.04	< .001
Unsure	1.69	.193
Yes	10.26	.001

Midwest

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.38	.536
No, not eligible	0.01	.939
Unsure	0.00	> .999
Yes	0.13	.720

Black/African American

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	2.31	.129
No, not eligible	126.28	< .001
Unsure	0.74	.390
Yes	123.00	< .001

LatinX

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	7.27	.007
No, not eligible	78.53	< .001
Unsure	0.05	.819
Yes	50.01	< .001

Low income

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	7.53	.006
No, not eligible	1072.33	< .001
Unsure	11.96	.001
Yes	1275.06	< .001

Income by Employment

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	20.66	< .001
No, not eligible	1143.75	< .001
Unsure	14.94	.002
Yes	1337.39	< .001

Income by Black/African American

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	20.38	< .001
No, not eligible	1128.94	< .001
Unsure	16.48	.001
Yes	1316.26	< .001

Income by Latinx

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	19.38	< .001
No, not eligible	1124.69	< .001
Unsure	11.71	.008
Yes	1303.59	< .001

Income by South

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	19.38	< .001
No, not eligible	1124.69	< .001
Unsure	11.71	.008
Yes	1303.59	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No, know how - No, not eligible	2.30	0.74	3.86	.021
No, know how - Unsure	-2.08	-4.85	0.69	.453
No, know how - Yes	-2.79	-4.42	-1.15	.005
No, not eligible - Unsure	-4.38	-6.94	-1.82	.004
No, not eligible - Yes	-5.08	-6.34	-3.83	< .001
Unsure - Yes	-0.70	-3.31	1.90	.952

Free Lunch (during-COVID)

Prior to coronavirus (COVID-19), did you get free or reduced lunches for your child(ren)?

Options:

• Yes, my child(ren) received free or reduced lunches \((N = 1841)\)
• No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1567)\)
• No, my child did not receive free or reduced lunches, but they were available \((N = )\)
• No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1841)\)
• No, but I had planned on getting free or reduced lunches for my children soon \((N = 1479)\)
• No, I didn’t know how to access this resource \((N = 199)\)
• Not applicable \((N = 595)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.75	.385
No, didn’t know how	3.66	.056
No, not available	19.25	< .001
No, planned	0.48	.488
Yes	12.78	< .001

West

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	3.24	.072
No, didn’t know how	0.68	.409
No, not available	11.96	.001
No, planned	0.78	.377
Yes	2.39	.122

Northeast

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	7.63	.006
No, didn’t know how	1.77	.183
No, not available	0.30	.586
No, planned	1.53	.216
Yes	10.13	.001

Midwest

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	2.20	.138
No, didn’t know how	3.75	.053
No, not available	0.50	.477
No, planned	0.46	.500
Yes	0.16	.688

Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.80	.371
No, didn’t know how	0.00	> .999
No, not available	14.86	< .001
No, planned	34.31	< .001
Yes	78.85	< .001

LatinX

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.00	.974
No, didn’t know how	0.77	.382
No, not available	13.16	< .001
No, planned	49.60	< .001
Yes	100.27	< .001

Low income

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.02	.887
No, didn’t know how	11.93	.001
No, not available	77.07	< .001
No, planned	194.69	< .001
Yes	439.06	< .001

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.02	.887
No, didn’t know how	11.93	.001
No, not available	77.07	< .001
No, planned	194.69	< .001
Yes	439.06	< .001

Income by Employment

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	2.91	.406
No, didn’t know how	12.51	.006
No, not available	81.54	< .001
No, planned	213.64	< .001
Yes	466.30	< .001

Income by Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	4.03	.258
No, didn’t know how	16.08	.001
No, not available	87.53	< .001
No, planned	211.24	< .001
Yes	472.23	< .001

Income by Latinx

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.24	.971
No, didn’t know how	18.52	< .001
No, not available	86.86	< .001
No, planned	226.47	< .001
Yes	493.57	< .001

Income by South

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.24	.971
No, didn’t know how	18.52	< .001
No, not available	86.86	< .001
No, planned	226.47	< .001
Yes	493.57	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
N/A - No, didn’t know how	-1.75	-5.77	2.27	.914
N/A - No, not available	4.09	1.72	6.45	.006
N/A - No, planned	2.85	0.47	5.24	.132
N/A - Yes	-0.72	-3.04	1.59	.973
No, didn’t know how - No, not available	5.84	2.14	9.54	.017
No, didn’t know how - No, planned	4.60	0.89	8.31	.107
No, didn’t know how - Yes	1.03	-2.64	4.69	.982
No, not available - No, planned	-1.24	-3.02	0.54	.653
No, not available - Yes	-4.81	-6.50	-3.12	< .001
No, planned - Yes	-3.57	-5.29	-1.86	< .001

Paying for basics

In the past month, how hard has it been for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

Options:

• Very hard \((N = 589)\)
• Hard \((N = 987)\)
• Somewhat hard \((N = )\)
• Not very hard \((N = 4366)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	27.95	< .001
Somewhat hard	9.87	.002
Hard	2.59	.107
Very hard	7.33	.007

West

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	2.51	.113
Somewhat hard	1.11	.292
Hard	0.29	.588
Very hard	3.70	.054

Northeast

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	11.78	.001
Somewhat hard	1.95	.163
Hard	3.25	.071
Very hard	3.39	.066

Midwest

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	1.63	.201
Somewhat hard	1.39	.238
Hard	0.70	.404
Very hard	0.34	.558

Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	72.71	< .001
Somewhat hard	27.72	< .001
Hard	8.86	.003
Very hard	12.51	< .001

LatinX

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	87.97	< .001
Somewhat hard	32.27	< .001
Hard	15.69	< .001
Very hard	10.66	.001

Low income

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	809.55	< .001
Somewhat hard	170.90	< .001
Hard	199.19	< .001
Very hard	233.15	< .001

Income by Employment

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	915.08	< .001
Somewhat hard	203.08	< .001
Hard	215.84	< .001
Very hard	310.92	< .001

Income by Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	851.03	< .001
Somewhat hard	197.29	< .001
Hard	209.14	< .001
Very hard	236.71	< .001

Income by Latinx

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	873.13	< .001
Somewhat hard	196.33	< .001
Hard	221.19	< .001
Very hard	236.25	< .001

Income by South

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	873.13	< .001
Somewhat hard	196.33	< .001
Hard	221.19	< .001
Very hard	236.25	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-10.61	-11.85	-9.38	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-17.43	-19.07	-15.80	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-25.47	-27.51	-23.44	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-6.82	-8.61	-5.03	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-14.86	-17.02	-12.69	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-8.04	-10.46	-5.62	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-7.28	-9.86	-4.70	< .001
Somewhat hard	-5.76	-8.83	-2.69	.001
Very hard	-5.84	-11.45	-0.22	.057
Hard	-4.77	-9.04	-0.51	.057

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-1.90	-3.77	-0.02	.127
Somewhat hard	-2.54	-4.98	-0.09	.127
Very hard	-5.88	-10.45	-1.31	.048
Hard	-1.87	-5.22	1.49	.276

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-0.67	-2.58	1.24	> .999
Somewhat hard	0.90	-1.42	3.23	> .999
Very hard	-1.05	-5.68	3.59	> .999
Hard	-0.35	-3.60	2.91	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	9.39	5.68	13.11	< .001
Somewhat hard	11.83	8.01	15.65	< .001
Very hard	6.58	1.31	11.85	.029
Hard	3.53	-0.23	7.29	.066

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-9.10	-10.60	-7.61	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-15.14	-17.13	-13.16	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-18.10	-20.57	-15.63	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-6.04	-8.21	-3.87	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-9.00	-11.62	-6.37	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-2.96	-5.89	-0.03	.196

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-5.63	-8.69	-2.56	.001
Somewhat hard	-6.05	-9.74	-2.36	.004
Very hard	-5.95	-13.34	1.44	.230
Hard	-3.62	-8.99	1.76	.230

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	0.69	-1.54	2.91	> .999
Somewhat hard	-2.50	-5.44	0.44	.382
Very hard	2.28	-3.76	8.32	> .999
Hard	1.60	-2.65	5.86	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	2.59	0.31	4.86	.103
Somewhat hard	-1.37	-4.16	1.41	.763
Very hard	-3.50	-9.51	2.51	.763
Hard	-1.10	-5.23	3.02	.763

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	15.84	11.44	20.24	< .001
Somewhat hard	17.45	12.88	22.03	< .001
Very hard	10.90	4.01	17.79	.002
Hard	13.43	8.73	18.14	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-9.86	-11.02	-8.71	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-16.32	-17.85	-14.80	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-21.80	-23.70	-19.89	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-6.46	-8.13	-4.79	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-11.93	-13.95	-9.91	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-5.47	-7.73	-3.22	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-6.50	-8.88	-4.11	< .001
Somewhat hard	-5.91	-8.78	-3.04	< .001
Very hard	-5.90	-11.27	-0.52	.064
Hard	-4.23	-8.27	-0.19	.064

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-0.60	-2.33	1.14	> .999
Somewhat hard	-2.52	-4.81	-0.23	.125
Very hard	-1.79	-6.18	2.60	> .999
Hard	-0.03	-3.21	3.16	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	0.91	-0.85	2.67	> .999
Somewhat hard	-0.24	-2.40	1.93	> .999
Very hard	-2.26	-6.62	2.10	> .999
Hard	-0.80	-3.86	2.26	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	12.62	9.19	16.05	< .001
Somewhat hard	14.64	11.09	18.19	< .001
Very hard	8.73	3.71	13.76	.001
Hard	8.44	4.91	11.97	< .001

Which needs

Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Food \((N = 1796)\)
  • Housing \((N = 1901)\)
  • Utilities (electric, water, trash) \((N = )\)
  • Healthcare \((N = 928)\)
  • Social \((N = 854)\)
  • Emotional \((N = 888)\)
  • Childcare \((N = 786)\)
  • Other \((N = 212)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Food	6.78	.009
House	8.88	.003
Utilities	32.18	< .001
Healthcare	14.02	< .001
Social	0.09	.768
Emotional	5.57	.018
Childcare	6.48	.011
Other	2.51	.113

West

key	statistic	p.value
Food	0.57	.449
House	0.07	.790
Utilities	11.99	.001
Healthcare	0.43	.510
Social	0.98	.323
Emotional	1.88	.170
Childcare	0.28	.596
Other	0.10	.752

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Food	10.25	.001
House	6.89	.009
Utilities	8.39	.004
Healthcare	14.07	< .001
Social	1.34	.247
Emotional	2.03	.155
Childcare	9.28	.002
Other	2.17	.141

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Food	0.43	.511
House	1.92	.166
Utilities	0.03	.865
Healthcare	0.04	.851
Social	0.09	.763
Emotional	0.00	.981
Childcare	0.64	.425
Other	0.00	.996

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Food	28.31	< .001
House	20.21	< .001
Utilities	49.86	< .001
Healthcare	0.05	.823
Social	0.00	> .999
Emotional	0.00	.989
Childcare	22.72	< .001
Other	2.86	.091

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Food	38.85	< .001
House	51.26	< .001
Utilities	43.69	< .001
Healthcare	13.57	< .001
Social	0.32	.574
Emotional	0.01	.911
Childcare	3.27	.070
Other	0.00	> .999

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Food	290.11	< .001
House	361.50	< .001
Utilities	716.37	< .001
Healthcare	1.36	.244
Social	149.17	< .001
Emotional	184.59	< .001
Childcare	31.49	< .001
Other	82.45	< .001

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Food	335.37	< .001
House	461.47	< .001
Utilities	838.51	< .001
Healthcare	28.69	< .001
Social	166.55	< .001
Emotional	204.74	< .001
Childcare	32.11	< .001
Other	95.50	< .001

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Food	310.73	< .001
House	375.83	< .001
Utilities	748.53	< .001
Healthcare	2.77	.428
Social	158.75	< .001
Emotional	191.87	< .001
Childcare	54.45	< .001
Other	84.12	< .001

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Food	321.06	< .001
House	390.76	< .001
Utilities	739.00	< .001
Healthcare	21.59	< .001
Social	168.59	< .001
Emotional	213.19	< .001
Childcare	41.69	< .001
Other	87.59	< .001

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Food	301.05	< .001
House	377.81	< .001
Utilities	730.59	< .001
Healthcare	13.81	.003
Social	158.22	< .001
Emotional	184.76	< .001
Childcare	36.79	< .001
Other	86.73	< .001

Related to well-being

Material hardship

This variables was calculated by adding up the number of needs selected for the following question: Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

• 0 \((N = 4481)\)
  • 1 \((N = 803)\)
  • 2 \((N = 1035)\)
  • 3 \((N = 854)\)
  • 4 \((N = 463)\)
  • 5 \((N = 243)\)
  • 6 \((N = 103)\)
  • 7 \((N = 64)\)
  • 8 \((N = 5)\)

Material hardship censored at 6, given small sample sizes.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	27.97	< .001
1	1.99	.159
2	4.62	.032
3	7.03	.008
4	1.58	.209
5	0.02	.880
6	6.58	.010

West

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	2.60	.107
1	0.75	.385
2	1.20	.273
3	0.09	.763
4	0.02	.902
5	1.29	.257
6	2.14	.144

Northeast

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	13.08	< .001
1	0.08	.774
2	0.56	.455
3	6.45	.011
4	3.96	.046
5	0.14	.705
6	3.63	.057

Midwest

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1.18	.278
1	0.89	.347
2	0.30	.585
3	0.15	.700
4	0.20	.651
5	0.31	.580
6	0.10	.756

Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	73.58	< .001
1	27.42	< .001
2	17.44	< .001
3	7.95	.005
4	0.71	.398
5	0.36	.549
6	3.66	.056

LatinX

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	86.01	< .001
1	23.05	< .001
2	23.89	< .001
3	13.34	< .001
4	0.00	> .999
5	0.77	.381
6	1.94	.163

Low income

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	783.25	< .001
1	72.71	< .001
2	186.16	< .001
3	116.31	< .001
4	63.49	< .001
5	30.56	< .001
6	26.41	< .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	894.54	< .001
1	96.09	< .001
2	218.44	< .001
3	132.46	< .001
4	73.74	< .001
5	41.14	< .001
6	40.33	< .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	826.67	< .001
1	90.30	< .001
2	192.59	< .001
3	130.39	< .001
4	68.61	< .001
5	33.06	< .001
6	30.72	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.438
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	847.21	< .001
1	88.57	< .001
2	202.33	< .001
3	127.67	< .001
4	68.77	< .001
5	33.47	< .001
6	35.38	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.00
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, High Income	0.00
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.00
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.00
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.39
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Non-Latinx, High Income	0.00

Income by South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	847.21	< .001
1	88.57	< .001
2	202.33	< .001
3	127.67	< .001
4	68.77	< .001
5	33.47	< .001
6	35.38	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
5.2	4.88	5.52	< .001

Related to child well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
4.31	3.92	4.69	< .001

Related to family well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
4.75	4.46	5.05	< .001

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Material hardship dichotomized

For these analyses, we censor responses at 1 (creating a 1+ category).

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	27.97	< .001
1+	27.97	< .001

West

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	2.6	.107
1+	2.6	.107

Northeast

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	13.08	< .001
1+	13.08	< .001

Midwest

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1.18	.278
1+	1.18	.278

Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	73.58	< .001
1+	73.58	< .001

LatinX

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	86.01	< .001
1+	86.01	< .001

Low income

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	783.25	< .001
1+	783.25	< .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	894.54	< .001
1+	894.54	< .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	826.67	< .001
1+	826.67	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.651
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	847.21	< .001
1+	847.21	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.334
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Non-Latinx, High Income	0.000

Income by South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	847.21	< .001
1+	847.21	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - 1+	-15.35	-16.4	-14.3	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-7.04	-9.57	-4.50	< .001
1+	-5.62	-7.98	-3.27	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-2.03	-3.87	-0.19	.031
1+	-2.79	-4.67	-0.91	.007

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-0.68	-2.54	1.18	.476
1+	1.67	-0.12	3.46	.134

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	9.46	5.82	13.11	< .001
1+	9.18	6.74	11.63	< .001

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - 1+	-12.45	-13.71	-11.18	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-5.47	-8.48	-2.45	< .001
1+	-5.50	-8.38	-2.63	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	0.37	-1.82	2.55	> .999
1+	-0.32	-2.62	1.98	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	2.40	0.17	4.62	.069
1+	-0.51	-2.70	1.67	.645

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	15.54	11.22	19.85	< .001
1+	15.70	12.73	18.66	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - 1+	-13.91	-14.89	-12.93	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-6.30	-8.65	-3.95	< .001
1+	-5.57	-7.78	-3.36	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-0.83	-2.53	0.88	.341
1+	-1.50	-3.27	0.27	.192

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	0.81	-0.91	2.53	.712
1+	0.57	-1.11	2.24	.712

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	12.50	9.14	15.87	< .001
1+	12.43	10.16	14.70	< .001